The Sublime and Architectural Theory

As Michael K. Hayes comments in architecture Theory since 1968, a typology to emerge in the mid eighteenth atomic number 6 was a growth of architecture to its natural origins, an example of the primary shelter. This return and respect of disposition was interestingly enough occurring across art, literature and adorn physical body simultaneously and internationally. It was as if people were warily eyeing the beginnings of the Industrial mutation and entered into a love-hate tolerance of the machine age with the concepts of nature playing a reassuring role by dint ofout these social and industrial evolutions.In reference to nature, the rattling(a) countered many perceptions of the tamed environment through poetry, painting, national parks and urban design. The term sublime was first used to describe nature by British writers taking the Grand Tour of the Swiss Alps in the 17th and 18th centuries. The sublime was meant as an aesthetic quality in nature that was both glorious a nd terrible, horrible and harmonious, appreciating the unexpected and dangerous forms prepare in nature that had been avoided in literature and art through the concepts of a more tamed and friendly environment.German philosopher Immanuel Kant reflects on the concept of boundaries mingled with debaucher and the sublime in his Critique of Judgment written in 1790. Distinguishing between the differences of beauty versus the sublime, beauty is connected with the form of the object, respecting the objects boundaries whereas the sublime is found in a formless object, boundless, unfamiliar and unexpected.The Romantic Period revealed a slipperiness from the picturesque paintings of a controlled and safe landscape to paintings depicting the grotesque and beautiful as found in works such as Frederic Edwin Churchs Cotopaxi , embrocate on canvas 1826, an opposition to the classical ideals of perfection. The concept of sublime evolved through the machine age with a sense of self-forgetfulne ss, an awe-inspired feeling of well-being and certificate when faced with an object or place of superiority.It is a realization of requisite suffering that is to be accepted and that the difficulties in life will neer be completely resolved. The terrible, beautiful and inescapable sublime resonated with the social unstableness found in the Modernist period. These two movements faced suffering brought about by the consequences of the Industrial Revolution. Inescapably crowded cities meant survival was dependent on the proximity to work. Leisure was a little afforded luxury. As John Mitchell much later on on discusses in his ook What Is to be Done about Illness and wellness (1984), the attributes of a healthy life is a clean and safe environment, clipping for rest and recreation, a reasonable living standard, freedom from chronic worries, apply for the future, an adequate level of self-confidence and autonomy, and finally to have a worthwhile and fulfilling job. These well-bein g concepts were absent for many low and middle class families working(a) in factories during the machine age and were threatened by social injustices of innovational times.Throughout difficult times experienced in the Romantic period up through present day, the order and at times chaos of nature remained a constant influence in the perceptions of design and life. It would seem our societies distanced themselves from primitive nature through perfect geometry of the Classical movement, imitated nature through the gaffe of the hut and embraced the sublime during the Romantic period.It was as if a return to the closely basic and natural state gave a sense of control over the uncontrollable, the forest/city was to be tamed, brought into rational order by doer of the gardeners art the ideal city of the late eighteenth century was thereby imaged on the garden The acknowledgment and connection of the roles of nature throughout our design history offered an outlying and abstract zeitgei st a continuing spirit of admiration, esteem and fearful respect of our natural surroundings as they are impacted by our industrial and socially changing cities.

HSC Legal Studies: Re- doing the assessment Essay

The Australian statutory carcass and social media has responded attentively towards vernal offenders. The persuasiveness and resolvent is clearly shown with the communitys response, law officers and government officials that has implemented virgin strategies for little offenders to be back on their feet because the legal system has recognized the incapableness of a immature some genius(s) to show the legal system. The maturity level and inexperience be causes for them to offend the law. til now a person(s) lifestyle and behavior can affect how you treat and delight in the laws of the land. One other reason wherefore green offenders are hardened differently is due to the protection made by an world-wide organization. This pact is founded as Convention on the even ups of a claw- also cognise as CROC. CROC is a set of comprehensive rights given to children under 18years of age. The Australian government ratified the group in December 1990 but that became bind ing in 1991- delayed by the extensive process of ratifying the convention in each stir of Australia. Therefore explains the one year respite between the years.A former US enquiryer from the Institute of psychogenic health has given factual points that a human brain does non finish developing until its late 20s. The researcher stated Its unfair to expect young people to go through a to the full developed apprehending of the law and treat them as adults, when their brains have non yet finish developing into adulthood stage. This researcher has demonstrated that a young person(s) dependency is up to now sustained with their former parent(s).Thus creating a barricade to give them full responsibility as a young person and an evidential proof that shows why young people must be treated differently- having said young people are compose unfree with their former parents shows the lack of incentives to wee-wee on the legal system which is not indulged by parents, but its a turmoi l structural system of the Australian Constitution. A Constitution which is consistent with the law not inconsistent.Constructed deep down the constitution is the Young offenders Act 1997, which states in article 55 south by east penalties imposed on a child for an offence should be no greater than that is imposed on an adult. This act go away protect them from receiving the corresponding punishment as adult. Its leg solelyy recognized in every last(predicate) court proceedings especially the criminal fair(a)ice system. But because it is de jure recognized young people take the advantage and at propagation purposely use this act to be discharged from the serve penalty.This is why the rate of re-offenders are relatively high- as seen in a research document of re-offenders illustrated by Jessie Holmes which works for the Bureau of Crime Statistic and Research, 40% of the offenders re-offend at heart one year time. The execrable Justice System has also seen that young people w ho offends have a particular characteristics of a lifestyle which is distraught and abrupt, therefore affecting their behavior and leading them to counteract the law. The result is that the Criminal Justice System has provided with chopines which enable them to attain reliable resources such as kids help line, young justice centers and community support programs.Another work out is the Human right and equal opportunities commission Act 1986 applying to all. For young offenders the international treaty which was created by the UN have exempted legislation(s) specifically for young offenders- such as Convention of the rights of the Child Act 1990 covering all rights and protection for all children around the world. This treaty commenced due to a high number of insecure children which has no articulatio in other words no right that enable them to freely do what they want and need.This treaty gives children a voice to speak but because only a few members on the coupled Nations rat ified this convention- it is only a soft law because of a state sovereignty, there are still unprotected children being kept extraneous from their rights. The convention goes as far as the state is willing to take it. An example of this convention being breached is in China- where children are not empower completely to their rights which is a breach of the international treaty and China is one of the main veto power members that can ultimately do as it pleases therefore the international treaty is not enforceable but just being neglected.This approach stated through the first of many cases R v Wilcox 15 Aug 1979, where the judge made a remark that in case of a youthful offender, considerations of punishment and general deterrence of others may be properly discarded in favor of individualized give-and-take of the offender, directed to his rehabilitation This case sets a precedent that strives to protect the childs right and ensure that the law should recognize children/ young pe ople. collectable to this case it has given many recognition towards young people and its incapability to follow the law and be protected by many legal organization that believes there is more to it. Explaining why they are treated differently in our Australian legal system. How young offenders are treated differently are dealt with strategies, policies that enable each and one of the young offender to understand their wrong doings. Police officers and Government officials have other ways of making young offenders to listen, obey, and rehabilitate from where they were before.A recent activity was made from the guard officers as they have relocated their staff members in the Sydney CBD because of the many hazard reports. The Governor General has suggested that young offenders should be sent to bush camps sooner of being locked up in cells. Which can help them understand why and how it is important to obey the law. Theyre trying to find alternatives that will be easier for young o ffenders to rehabilitate. This approach could or could not be effective because it still comes back to the psychological part of an individual whether they want to accept or learn where they went wrong. This approach has said to been working with the ones whose been re-offending so far. A new activity that the new government has chosen to do is giving young offenders a choice whether to go to a diversionary conference or a court.The diversionary conference is similar to the one in capital of Australia where the young offender are put into shame through wearying shirts that exclaims their offence. Canberras diversionary conference has enacted and now proceeding through the following areas Queanbeyann, Yas and South coast township. As an aim to bring placidity towards their families and victims. The Australian federal police has been running trials of shaming conferences in ACT since 1992 and these schemes have been established in Western Australia, South Australia, Victoria and Que ensland- but still evaluating the options. Commander Ike Ellis who is responsible for the NSW youth said the new laws gave police a greater option to deal with young offenders/people more effectively. In saying this new law has been a great opportunity for the Australian government to deal with young offenders/people because it achieves a greater intensity level towards the young people.On the other hand the Juvenile Justice core has constructed a program for youth drivers. Where way safe gives young drivers rewards for driveway safely on the road. This has been funded by the Juvenile Justice Minister Barbara Perry. The program was given $2580. The aim is to prevent young people from road crashes. The result is that 150,000 high school students across Australia have attended the course. Theyve targeted 16-17years old who are starting to drive. Its given young offenders an opportunity to learn road safety whilst being in custody.This program is an incentive for young offenders. The effectiveness is that more young people/students are aware of the road safety and this has dropped from 45% to now 29% on traffic offences. All of the objectives and aims from community, police officers and government officials is trying to find alternative from jail. In respect that young people still lack the intellectual mentality that is needed and infallible by the government and communities. They have seen that the number of young offenders been locked up remain to re-offend comparison to the others where they are been put into programs, which allow them to see their problems. Young offenders will always be treated differently because young people are not fully equipped to handle the responsibility and liabilities.

The influence of Byzantine art

The captivate of Byzantine maneuver to subsequent artifice movements has only been recognized in recent years nonetheless, this does not pick at its magnitude. Contemporary Byzantine iconographer Egon Sendler is a Roman Catholic priest and art professor who is credited as one of the main proponent and educator of contemporary Byzantine art that subscribe to the aesthetic and canonical rules of its traditional iconography (Atelier enshrine Andre, 2005). Like com/art-appreciation-test-2/the original Byzantine artworks, the predominant theme and radical or the art was religious in nature.Original Byzantine art was not limited to religious iconography only when also sought to represent empurpled themes since Byzantine fluence but there was also a significant influence and transfer of Eastern styles particularly in the use of colors, pigments and architecture feature in the art (Sendler, 1995). As seen in Sendlers work titled Virgin Pokrov completed in 2000, the work is symbolic al rather realistic and was predominantly of traditional Orthodox icons and symbols (see Figure 1). Sendlers work is not only visually faithful to original Byzantine art but follows preparation and materials used during the period.Since the period extends from the 4th to 15th centuries, there is a wide variety of styles, mediums and materials used. However, Sendler points out that Byzantine art traditions root in canons and iconography allows modern artists the facility to re fashion the artistic tradition was also considered as the successor of the Great Roman Empire. Classical tradition as was a heavy inn today. The objective of Byzantine artists, ancient and contemporary, it is not to create disambiguation or abstraction of their subject but rather reflect the interpretation of what constitutes as natural at the advent of the Byzantine era.References Atelier Saint Andre (2005) Father Egon Sendler. Atelier Saint Andre. net, July 17. Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http//www. atelie r-st-andre. net/en/pages/presentation/father_sendler. hypertext mark-up language Sendler, Egon (1995). The Icon Images of the Invisible, Elements of Theology, Aesthetics and Technique. New York Oakwood Publications Sendler, Egon (2000). Virgin Pokrov. Retrieved July 16, 2008, from http//www. iconsexplained. com/iec/01017. htm

Fly in the ointment Essay

A younger domain visits his bankrupt pose, who is depressed following the violate of his product line. The son is a disappointment to the flummox due to his choice of career.The perplex advertms strong until, during their conversation, a fly enters the room, with the amaze overreacting in an attempt to capture rid of this simple fly. This overreaction is perceived as weakness by the son, and driven by pity, he offers his fuss some money. Immediately the passion and zipper returns to his generate, and the shrewd, cunning businessman reemerges and brutally demands to know why he had non been offered this money sooner.What does the title mean? Firstly we should take a realise at the title since it could provide some insight into why sealed aspects of this figment are present. A fly in the ointment is a proverb or saying that basically means that something spoils a occurrence that could have been pleasant. This is shown in the short story literally by a fly which enters the room and causes such an overreaction by the old man that foreshadows textbook that shows that everything is not as they seem things are not alright. Why the father is such a memorable characterThe young man, the son, is shown in the starting signal paragraph to rather walk a distance than show up in a cab in front of his father since he thinks The old man will wonder where I got the money. This adduce is the first sign that shows the ref that the old man is implicated with money. The generator uses two statements to show the demise of the business, firstly building a business out of nothing, and then, after a few years of prosperity, letting it go to pieces in chafer of rumour, idleness, quarrels, accusations and, at last, bankruptcy. The sons questions whether they were enumerateing the truth when they said the old man was a crook and that his balance sheets were cooked? and then secondly, later in the story the narrator shows the sons thoughts when he thinks the fath er will tell him the embarrassing truth which he already knows about, that of the people youve swindled. These show the father in a bad light, a cheating businessman that opinionated his sheets for acknowledgement and was concerned with money and the class of men it put him with.The fathers concern with social status is shown when he the author states A small man himself, he was proud to be bankrupt with the speculative ones it made him feel rich. This also foreshadows that despite the old mans statements about having no need for money, he is still truly concerned about it, since he has a desire to feel rich. The use of prefiguration and its role together with humor and irony There are more instances of foreshadowing, a few that have been mentioned above.One that is apparent is the use of his father had two faces. which shows the contrasting emotions the old man can show and his ability, uniform a businessman to show the face that will suite his culmination needs.This piece o f foreshadowing should show the reader the truth behind the father but instead the reader is made to believe the old man, that he no yearlong has need of money. In the old mans speech to his son on the irrelevance for money he states, If you came in now and offered me a thousand pounds I should laugh at you. this shows the reader that the father has outgrown his cruel, greedy ways.The irony emerges when the son does in fact alone mention raising cash when the father, instead of refusing it, brutally demands why it had not been forthcoming. This complete change of face (intended pun) is ironic since it goes against what the reader expects. It is almost tongue-in-cheek in the emergence that the father has not changed, and the reader will see the amusing side behind the fly. An actual fly foreshadows the proverb, that pleasantry will be spoiled, by the fathers demands of cash after his apparent no longer need for fiscal bounds.

Rethink What You Drink Essay

Between an 8oz glass of orange juice to a 24oz jackpot of pa, one soul can drinkable between half a dozen to eighteen teaspoons of pelf. One may non think that a can of soda a day will hurt a person greatly but that person is treat. If you consume one non- victuals soda, sugared variance or zip fastener drink, even juice, it can increase your risk of affectionateness disease, obesity, diabetes and high-pitched blood pressure, even leading to chronic problems down the road. tied(p) drinking a Five-Hour Energy or Monster in the morning everyday can lead to a caffeine related death. charge up homework, going to practice after school and maintaining a social deportment, a day being a teenager can be draining. We stay up late texting or studying for a discharge at the last minute, and sleep is not our number one priority. Yes, we heat up up the next morning wishing we did not stay up so late, but there is always a cure for that. near one third of 12 to 24 year olds s aid they regularly down an faculty drink in the morning. There is nothing wrong with down a Starbucks coffee or Five-Hour energy shot in the morning if it is the only thing that will dungeon us going.The sugar and caffeine in juice, energy drinks and coffee is one of the main factors that keep us teens moving at the pace we do. There are juices, diet sodas and energy drinks that make believe an okay amount of sugar and caffeine in them to where we could entertain one a day, and never be harmed. The National health and Nutrition Exanimation Survey and Nutrition Services worker, Cheri Collier states, A sugary drink is known as fruit drinks, soda, energy and sport drinks and sweet-flavored bottles of water and also coffee beverages (Gann) The consumption of sugary drinks remains high today.In fact, all oer a half of the American population has a sugary drink almost every day. Lisa Cimperman, registered dietitian for University Hospitals Case medical checkup Center said, Many people consume too many calories from each one day Liquid calories dont make you feel full. causing people to eat and drink more. (Theiss) When someone has so much sugar in their system, it can lead to obesity and diabetes. It is shown that 25. 8 million Americans have diabetes (8% of population) and 191 million (2/3) are overweight/obese.(Gann) Not to say that a soda a day can lead to this, but when you are consuming mass amounts of sugar, you will become a part of that 25. 8 million. custody and wo hands are both at risk for developing heart disease. men who drink one sugar-sweetened beverage daily have a 20% high risk of chronic heart disease then men who drink none. A study put on by the Harvard school day of Public Health surveyed 43,000 men throughout 22 years, and results form 18,000 men were demographically similar.Results in American message Association journal stated alcoholism 12oz of regular soda, fruit drinks and other sugar sweetened beverages daily was associ ated with higher risk of heart disease. Dr. Frank Hu, Professor of nutrition and epidemiology at Harvard drill of Public Health said that the findings were notable. The same study was put on for a group of 89,000 women, and it was shown that women who drank one or less than two sugary drinks per day had a 23% increased risk of heart rape and it was four times as likely to have a chronic heart problem down the road.(Jaslow) studying for tests, going out to parties, culture research papers late into the night, maintaining a social life and working, life of a college student can be draining. Balancing everything usually takes a toll on one of our most critical bodily functions, sleep. So how do these college students wake up in the morning and go to secernate with energy? A study done by the University of Ohio stated that 74% of undergraduate students turn to energy supplements in the form of drinks or shots.A single Monster contains 14 teaspoons of sugar and a Five-Hour Energy c ontains over 8,000 percent of the daily-recommended intake of vitamin B12 and over 2,000 percent of vitamin B6. They say that the rush of energy one feels when consuming the drinks is due to the amount of sucralose, an artificial sweetener over 600 times sweeter than sugar and you will also see over five hundred milligrams of caffeine in some drinks. So what happens to people who drink these energy drinks and Five-Hour Energy shots?According to Medicine Plus in 2007, almost 6,000 caffeine related deaths occurred in people under the age of 19, and since then, the numbers have continued to rise(Silva). When you come to thinking about drinking a sharp cold 8oz soda, remember that you are putting a toxic medicine into your body. You could one day have had too many sodas and be sitting at home with heart disease or diabetes. Remember not to over load yourself with a caffeine overloaded energy drink or shot. Try resorting to diet drinks with not as much sugar, or 100% fruit drinks.Our soda habit is something we have total overcome over. There are a lot of things that keep us robust that are hard work and difficult, but cutting back on sweetened drinks isnt one of them Dr. Stacey Rosen said, the chairman of cardiology at Long Island Jewish Medical Center in New Hyde Park, NY. Next time, rethink what you drink. deeds Cited Jaslow, Ryan. scrapingy Drink Each Day Ups Mens Heart complaint Risk by 20 Percent. Www. cbsnews. com. CBS News, 14 Mar. 2012. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. .Gann, Carrie, and Larry Borges. Study One Sugary Drink Per Day Raises Risk of Heart Disease for Men. Www. abcnews. com. ABC News, 12 Mar. 2012. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. . Reidt, Robert. Sugary Drinks Can Be with child(p) on Heart Study. Www. healthyliving. msn. com. Healthy Day, 2 Mar. 2012. Web.3 Dec. 2012. . Theiss, Evelyn. Consumption of Sugar Drinks in the U. S. Remains High, Study Shows. Www. cleveland. com. N. p. , 31 Aug. 2011. Web. 3 Dec. 2012. . Silva, Evan D. Monsters v. Students the Battle fo r Energy. Lariat. multimedia Editor, 22 Oct. 2012. Web. 15 Feb. 2013. .

Death and Absurdism in Camus’s The Stranger Essay

In his unexampled The Stranger1, Albert Camus gives expression to his philosophy of the absurd. The novel is a first-person account of the bread and wholeter of M. Meursault from the eon of his m separates decease up to a time evidently just in advance his execution for the carrying into action of an Arab. The central theme is that the significance of gentleman life is understood yet in light source of mortality, or the fact of closing and in present Meursaults consciousness change by dint of the course of events, Camus shows how facing the scuttle of finish does arrest an effect on unitarys scholarship of life. The novel begins with the death of Meursaults gravel. Although he att decisions the funeral, he does not beseech to see the body, though he finds it interesting to think about the do of estrusing and humidity on the rate of a bodys decay (8). It is evident that he is almost wholly unaffected by his m other(a)s death nothing changes in his life. In oth er words, her death has little or no real significance for him.When he hears Salamano, a neighbor, weeping everyplace his lost dog (which has evidently died), Meursault thinks of his make but he is unaware of the association his headland has made. In fact, he chooses not to dwell on the matter but goes to sleep kind of (50). It is when he is on the beach with Raymond Sints and M. Masson and they confront two Arabs (who retain given Raymond trouble) that Meursault first seems to think about the insignificance of any action thusly of human existence. He has a gun and it occurs to him that he could shoot or not shoot and that it would come to the same thing (72). The loss of a life would have no significance no affect on life as a whole and the universe itself is apparently totally indifferent to e preci tick offhing. Here he implicitly denies the existence of God, and thus denies morality, as well as the external meaning (if it may be so distinguished from the internal or in dividual empiric meaning) of life and death. (This latter, existential meaning is later affirmed, as we shall see.)Meursault kills unmatchable of the Arabs in a indorsement of confusion, partially out of self-defense, but does not regret it eve though it means going to prison and, ultimately, beingness executed. He has the fatalistic savor thatwhats done is done, and later explains that he has never regretted anything because he has evermore been to absorbed by the present moment or by the fast future to dwell on the past (127). In a sense, Meursault is forever aware of the meaninglessness of all endeavors in the face of death he has no ambition to advance socio-economically he is indifferent about being chums with Raymond and about marrying Marie etc. But this awareness is somehow never thick enough to involve self-awareness that is, he never reflects on the meaning of death for him until he is in prison awaiting execution.Of course, the meaning of anothers death is qui te difference from the meaning of ones own death. With the former, one no longer sees that person again with the latter, ones very consciousness, as far as we k directly, just ends blit as a video picture ends when the set is switched off. Death marks all things equal, and equally absurd. And death itself is absurd in the sense that reason or the sagacious mind cannot deal with it it is a foregone conclusion, yet it remains an unrealized hap until some indeterminate future time. The meaning of death is not rational but, again, is existential its implications are to be found not in abstraction but in the actuality of ones life, the finality of each moment. forwards his trial, Meursault passes the time in prison by sleeping, by reading over and over the newspaper story about the (unrelated) murder of a Czech, and by recreating a mental picture of his room at home in complete detail, down to the scratches in the furniture.In this connection, it must be admitted that he is exter nally very sensitive and aware, despite his lack of self-understanding and emotional response. This is secernate by his detailed descriptions. He is especially sensitive to natural steady the beach, the g pick uping water, the shade, the reed music, swimming, making love to Marie, the evening hour he like so much, etc. He even says that if forced to have in a hollow tree truck, he would be capacitance to watch the sky, passing birds, and clouds (95). After his trial (in which he is sentenced to be executed), he no longer indulges in his memories or passes the time in the frivolous way he was accustomed to spend Sundays at home. At first, he dwells on thoughts of range. He cannot reconcile the contingency of his sentence ( wherefore guilt? Why sentenced by a French court rather than a Chinese one?Why was the verdict read at eight pm rather than at five? etc.) with the mechanical certainty ofthe process that leads needfully to his death (137). When he gives up trying to find a loophole, he finds his mind ever returning either to the fear that dawn would pay off the guards who would lead him to be executed, or to the want that his appear will be granted. To try to distract himself from these thoughts, he forces himself to study the sky or to listen to the beating of his heart but the changing light reminds him of the passing of time towards dawn, and he cannot imagine his heart ever stopping. In dwelling on the chance of an appeal, he is forced to consider the possibility of denial and thus of execution so, he must face the fact of his death whether it comes now or later. One he really, honestly admits deaths inevitability, he allows himself to consider the chance of a successful appeal of being set free to live perhaps forth more years before dying.Now he begins to see the value of each moment of the life before death. Because of death, nothing matters except being alive. The meaning, value, significance of life is save seen in light of death, yet most people miss it through the denial of death. The hope of longer life brings Meursault great joy. Perhaps to end the maddening uncertainty and thus intensify his awareness of deaths inevitability (therefore of the actuality of life), or, less likely, as a gesture of hopelessness, Meursault turns down his slump to appeal (144). Soon afterwards, the prison chaplain insists on talking to him. Meursault admits his fear but denies despair and has no interest in the chaplains belie in an afterlife.He flies into rage, finally, at the chaplains persistence, for he realizes that the chaplain has not adequately assessed the human condition (death being the end of life) or, if he has, the chaplains certainties have no meaning for Meursault and have not the real value of, say, a strand of a womans hair (151). Meursault, on the other hand, is absolutely certain about his own life and forthcoming death. His mission of anger cleanses him and empties him of hope, thus allowing him finally to open up completely and for the delay time to the benign indifference of the universe (154). He realizes that he of all time been happy. The idea of death makes one aware of ones life, ones vital being that which is impermanent and will one day end. When this vitality is appreciate, one olfactions free for there is no urgency to fare some act that will cancel the possibility of death, seeing as though there is no such act. In thissense, all human activity is absurd, and the real freedom is to be aware of life in its actually and totally, of its beauty and its pain.Albert Camus The StrangerWhat if the past has no meaning and the only point in time of our life that really matters is that point which is hap at present. To make matters worse, when life is over, the existence is also over the hope of some sort of salvation from a God is pointless. Albert Camus illustrates this exact peck in The Stranger. Camus feels that one exists only in the world physically and therefore the presence or absence of meaning in ones life is alone revealed through that event which he or she is experiencing at a particular moment. These thoughts are presented through Meursault, a man unacquainted(p) of concern for social conventions found in the world in which he lives, and who finds his life deprived of physical pleasurewhich he deems quite grandwhen unexpectedly put in prison.The opening line of the novel sets the tang for Meursaults dispassion towards most things. The novel is introduced with the words Maman died today. Or yesterday maybe, I dont know (3). Although the uncertainty originates with an ambiguous telegram, it seems that the long ton middle of paper or their emotions in general. He does not determine conventional social beliefs nor does he believe in God, nor salvation. Meursault however loves his life. It is a pure love derived from enjoying his existence on a day-to-day basis, seldom looking back and never looking forward. His love is not low-level on doing what society or some religion has deemed correct, but on what he feels he wants to do despite what most would consider common.In Albert Camus The Stranger the story of an ordinary man who gets drawn into a irrational murder is told. Taking place in Algeria this man, Meursault, is constantly in a climate of extreme mania, as are all the inhabitants therein. The sunniness, the source of light and the cause of this warmth, is thus a vital and normal part of his life. It brings warmth and comfort yet it can also cause pain and sickness. end-to-end most of his life Meursault has lived with the conflicting forces of the sun and light, as a friend and foe. However in Chapter 6 these forces become unbalanced and the sun becomes an assailant causing Meurault physical pain and jolting him into violent action.Although the sun becomes progressively aggressive as the novel transpires, in the beginning its forces were balanced causing some good and some bad effects. The most evidenc e of the sun as a foe is found during Meursaults mothers wake and funeral. During the wake Meursault is constantly blinded by the bright light. This feature with the whiteness of the room makes his eyes hurt. However, this same light also creates a glare on the white walls.making him drowsy and allowing him respite from the knowledge of his mothers death. So, all at once light was good as well as bad for Meursault. Again, during the funeral with the sun bearing down the heat was inhuman and oppressive, causing Meursault great physical discomfort. Yet, in the same token, the heat is also making it hard for Meursault to think straight thereby allowing him an escape from his mothers death. Not all of the suns effects have a flip side however throughout the novel the sun does Meursault a lot of good, by warming him and making him feel alive. Thus, although both positive and negative situations come from theWork CitedCamus, Albert. The Stranger. Trans. Matthew Ward. New York time of ori gin International, 1989.

Black Friday

The phenomenon of murky Friday quick city streets, bit-long lines, and retail store chaos and unrivaled scenario explains the commons surrounded by these situations, shop on slow Friday. For half(a) a ascorbic acid macabre Friday has give forbidden an unofficial retail spend in the get together States. It is a day that offers incredible discounts and killer deals, and closely notoriously, it brings a ardor of crazed shoppers to local retailers looking to save on purchases.Marketing strategies, paired with do inrs ingest to locate the best deals on Christmas gifts has led to coloured Friday being historied as a breathing in religious rite compar up to(p) in splendour to state of grace Day. (doubting Thomas and nebs, 2011) How has abusive Friday become the largest retail gross sales day of the friendly class? What is it that drives hatful to artifici eachy induced hyper habit, almost akin an annual religious rite? M ever soy scientist and psychologists give many diametrical theories and conclusions of wherefore dense Friday has become the biggest shop day of the year.In this paper, I will hook on your through the inquiry and conclusions that many psychologists have produced and the advantages and disadvantages of dusky Friday. Dr. Stephanie Sarkis, Ph. D. explored the work of Jane Boyd Thomas and Cara Peters, profs at confederation Carolinas Winthrop University, who spent two years in question trying to happen upon common traits in shocking Friday shoppers. They conducted thirty-eight spacious interviews with experienced blackened Friday shoppers and found four recurring themes 1. Familial stick to (multiple generations and close friends) 2. strategical planning . The great race 4. Mission courteous But how do the four themes they came up with relate to matchless another(prenominal)? Thomas and Peters forecast that every last(predicate) the traits when analyzed together showed iodin commonality. They wrote, the traits atomic number 18 coalesced around a force metaphor, and is a bonding good turnion Shoppers prepargon for the ritual by s providening Black Friday ads, and they map out their strategy. (Sarkis 2011) In essence, the family is a type of team that scans adds, plans their route and potential purchases, exe be intimatees their plans by buying products, and rejoices in their accomplishments.When all of these traits be analyzed individually, they mean small-scale to chief(prenominal) the main outcome, bonding. But when all the traits are looked at collectively, they all contri entirelye to the boilers suit success and inclination of bonding. Besides giving us a disruption of bonding activities, the analysis also shows how the average consumer plan for Black Friday. more(prenominal) than thanover as Sarkis found themes that make up this military metaphor, Byun, professor of consumer individualal business at Auburn University came up with her own possibleness on w herefore heap react the way they do on Black Friday. Crowds form a common sense of competition such(prenominal) as when hundreds of shoppers are thrill to collect marked-down goods they generate a different liveliness entirely. Competition craps whats called hedonic obtain value, or a sense of veneratement from the classic process of buying goods. At certain levels, consumers enjoy arousal and challenges during the shopping process. (Khazan 2011) In essence what Byun is saying is consumers get more enjoyment be exercise the crowds create an obstacle, which hinders the execution of the plans and preparations do. The crowds make acquiring what they want harder, which creates more value for the goods purchased. meet as Byun noted that crowds contribute to the Black Friday Craze, Kelly McGonigal, Ph. D. describes another factors that plays a big come apart in the Black Friday frenzy. Retailers, she notes, use advance(a) designs to lure customers into their stores and kee p back them in that respect. McGonigal says time pressure sales on bound products or in equal re consultations triggers a negative physiological affect on the consumer. scarcity for a certain commodity creates a sense of exigency to act now, a natural instinct to survive. This survival instinct can be cerebrate to hunting for just rough people.Black Friday is hunting for women, give tongue to Leisa Reinecke Flynn, professor of marketing and path merchandising at the University of Southern Mississippi. Its so often wish well deer hunting its hard to communicate the two apart. (Khazan 2011) Unfortunately, shopping on Black Friday is not motivated by survival instincts or a life in death situation. This problem stimulates unusual carriage in consumers that creates disadvantages and potential dangers for those that are not of necessity into the hunt. The concept of Black Friday creates a perfect storm for consumer mis style.Mis deportment, as define by Lennon, Johnson, and lee side is, acts that violate accepted norms of conduct in ingestion contexts. (Lennon, Johnson, Lee, 2011) This compulsive behavior, or compulsive consumption, feeds off of the idea of scarcity. It induces people to act inappropriately harming others and oftentimes themselves. For many, if not most compulsive purchasers, buying is a re pull through to song or unpleasant situations. Compulsive consumption is a type of consumer behavior which is inappropriate, typically excessive, and clearly disruptive to the lives of other individuals. (Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond 1987) both(prenominal) hunting and shopping hinge on long-standing traditions and generally involve prosecute a goal as a group. Whether the group actually hits its derriere is secondary to the result of play of the chase. Hunting and shopping as shown above are very close linked and motivated by the idea of scarcity. Just like there are peculiar(a) deer in the forest, there are limited goods in the store s. The chair is paradoxical in nature. populate are fraudulently deceived into playing compulsively. (Herpen, Pieters and Zeelenberg 2005)Just as Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond concluded that compulsive behavior negatively affects the lives of others, Peter McGraw, Ph. D. drew a similar connection. He focuses more on social trends and pressures being the root of the problem. In The Link amid goodwill gluttony and Black Friday Insanity, McGraw makes a connection among Black Friday shopping and Thanksgiving Dinner. He explores the idea that once a year, people will consume more calories in one meal, than the average person consumes on a normal day.The next day they wake up, or sometimes not sleeping at all, and go shopping for hours on end. (McGraw and Warner 2011) Dr. McGraws research shows us that in a short period of forty eights hour there is over consumption of food on Thanksgiving and the hyper consumption or shopping on Black Friday. McGraw believes that the cause of this phenomenon is social wreak and pressure. He writes, One of the hallmarks of psychological science is that we are influenced by the actions of othersoften more so than wed like to admit.Sometimes were impelled to head exacting actions, such as switching to reusable bags or trimming down on littering. Other times, social influence can be quite negative. When it comes to Thanksgiving and Black Friday, unfortunately, the influences skew more toward bad than good. (McGraw and Warner 2011) In other wrangling McGraw places responsibility of hyper consumption on social trends, pressures, and heretofore perhaps familial rituals for the ever-popular Black Friday. Another concept of Black Friday is one of mutual welfare for both consumer and retailer.Consumers upbeat from large discounts on all sorts of items including clothing, electronics, furniture, and literally any other commodity available on the market. Retailers realise by getting out of the red zone, finally making a profit f or the pecuniary year. The opportunities available on Black Friday is what drove 212 one thousand thousand shoppers to stores during Black Friday spend in 2011. (Wilson, 2010) Retailers experience surging sales during Black Friday and the days that follow. This monetary benefit is what drives their extensive promotion and deal offerings, gain ground influencing the consumers willingness to rival in the shopping frenzy.In a society where a corporation or businesss main purpose is to take on profits for the benefit of its shareholders, a companys number one purpose is to change magnitude sales, in order to increase profits. According to a New York time article written by Adam Davidson, approximately one twenty percent of retailers total annual sales are made during the holiday shopping season. (Davidson, 2011) In conclusion, we can beguile that shopping on Black Friday brings people together in one way or another. For some, it brings people together in a positive way.Familie s and friends are able to work as a team who plan, take and execute their plans to win their goals. For others, Black Friday shoppers experience the negative affects of other peoples behavior. in that location are also advantages and disadvantages for both the consumer and retailer. Consumers get surprisingly cheap prices on products while retailers experience a massive upsurge in sales. notwithstanding one may look at Black Friday, it is a day that cannot be ignored. Its influence and popularity are ever growing and expanding. interview Page Davidson, Adam. The Black Friday Effect Lets Stimulate the prudence with Inflation. The New York Times, 16 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Herpen, Erica van, Rik Pieters, and wave Zeelenberg (2005) ,How Product Scarcity Impacts on Choice Snob and Bandwagon Effects, in Advances in Consumer look into mint 32, eds. Geeta Menon and Akshay R. Rao, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32 Association for Consumer Research, Pages 623-624. Fab er, J. Ronald, OGuinn, C Thomas, and Krych, Raymond. (1987) Compulsive role, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14, eds.Melanie Wallendorf and Paul Anderson, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14 Association for Sonsumer Research, Pages 132-135. McGonigal, Kelly, Ph. D. The comprehension of Willpower. Comments on Black Friday Shopping How Stores Use psychological science to Fill Your pusher N. p. , 19 Nov. 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . McGraw, Peter, Ph. D. , and Warner, Joel. The Humor Code. The Link between Thanksgiving gluttony and Black Friday Insanity. N. p. , 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Ridgwar, Nicole, Black Friday sales Hit Record. CNNMoney. argumentation News Netwrok, 26 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Sarkis, Stephanie, Ph. D. Here, There, and Everywhere. Black Friday A Collective Consumption Ritual. N. p. , 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Thomas, Jane Boyd, and Peters, Cara. (2011) An exploratory investigation of Black Friday consumption rituals, fo reign Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 39 Iss 7, pp. 522 537 Wallendorf, M. , Arnould, E. We assemble together consumption rituals of Thanksgiving Day, in Journal of Consumer Research, (1991) Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 13-31. Wilson, April. By the Numbers Black Friday Shoppers and Their Impact on the Economy. The Luckie ReTink Tank. 23 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct 2012. .Black FridayThe three pedigrees to be compared are all in relation to the events that occurred on Black Friday, particularly surrounding the conduct of the metropolitan practice of law. Source 10, taken from The Times newspaper maps the view that the practice of law were more victims of the women and raiders that they were trying to control, and that it took some effort to restrain the women that were protesting on that day.Whereas bloodline 11, taken from a muniment that was sent to the hearth office after Black Friday gives the view that the legal philosophy were acting violently towards the women p rotesting and that the women in this situation were the victims. Source 12, a controversy from a suffragette who participated in Black Friday presents a similar idea to that in source 11, indicating that the woman in question received several injuries from a practice of law officer.The events that occurred on Black Friday and the conduct of the practice of law have been under(a) dispute by many historians, which some taking the side of source 10, and others agreeing more with the recollections presented in sources 11 and 12- it can therefore be argued how much sources 11 and 12 challenge the view contained in source 10 about the conduct of the constabulary on Black Friday. Source 10, taken from The Times newspaper on 19th November 1910 is an leave out from a musical composition covering the events of what eventually became known as Black Friday.It presents the view that the police kept their temper very well towards the ladies who flung themselves a producest (them). It also speaks of how several police had their helmets knocked off in carrying out their duty and later mentions that one was change by a kick on the ankle and another was cut on the face by a belt therefore implying that the women who were present on Black Friday were acting violently towards the police, and that any rough intervention of the police towards the protesters was only in response to the treatment they were receiving.It could be said then, that this article presents the police in a positive light and shows the suffragettes to be the ones at fault on Black Friday which comes as no ramp given that the article comes from The Times- a newspaper that would have been to begin with aimed at educated men, and its purpose therefore would have been to share the opinion that women were out of control and lacked the dignity to receive the vote. Source 11 on the other hand disagrees with the view presented in source source 10.It is an extract from a memorandum by the Parliamentary Conc iliation delegation for Womens Suffrage send to the Home Office after Black Friday. It agrees with the source ten in the sense that it admits a relentless struggle occurred between the police and the suffragettes, but it disagrees with source 10 because it presents the view that it was the police acting violently towards the women, who it says were flung hither and thither amid moving traffic, and into the hands of a crows which was sometimes rough and indecent.This opinion is presented because the purpose of the memorandum sent to the home office was to request a public inquiry into the conduct of the police on Black Friday, because they did not follow their usual course of action which would have been to arrest the women on a charge of obstruction but they had been instructed to avoid, as far as possible, making any arrests which is why, the women argue that the police were so violent.Also, this article presents the events of Black Friday in such a different light, because it was written by those who sympathized with Suffragettes and therefore validateed them, the Committee was set up in 1910 to encourage support for womens suffrage, so it would have valued to make the actions of the police look bad in order to gain support for the women who were protesting. Similar to source 11, Source 12, from a statement by a 60 year old suffragette who had participated in the demonstration on Black Friday is of the opinion that it was the police who acted incorrectly during the events, and not the women protesting.The suffragette talks about how she was seized by several policemen and how one twisted (her) right arm back (her) back with such brute force that (she) really thought he would break it. She also mentions that another policeman gave (her) a terrible lash in (her) back, which sent (her) whirling into the crowd- clearly presenting the view that the police were acting violently and out of conduct towards the women and as a result disputing the viewpoint held i n source 10.However, it must be taken into considerateness the purpose of this statement, which was a testament before the Parliamentary Conciliation Committee for Womens Suffrage, who we know from source 11 sympathized with suffragettes and were trying to gain support from them. Therefore, the women who gave this testament would have been trying to give as much testify against the police as possible in order for the Committee to have a case against the police and order for an inquiry to be made.In summation to this, it was the aim of suffragettes at time to create as much advancement towards their cause as they could, whether good or bad, they wanted attention, and by plain about the police it would have prolonged the time that Black Friday was publicized in the media which was what they wanted. In conclusion, sources 11 and 12, which present the view that it was the police who acted wrongly on Black Friday disagree with the view presented in source 10, which is that it was th e women who were at fault.This is because the purpose of both sources 11 and 12 was to create sympathy for the suffragettes in order to gain support for their cause, whereas source 10 was aimed at an sense of hearing who did not support womens suffrage, and by publishing an article presenting women in a bad light, The Times newspaper would have been ensuring that its readers remained loyal. Although sources 11 and 12 agree with source 10 in the fact that a violent dispute took place, they differ in opinion of who was the victim in the situation, therefore sources 11 and 12 challenge the view presented in source 10 about the conduct of the police on Black Friday.Black FridayThe phenomenon of Black Friday Bustling city streets, hour-long lines, and retail store chaos only one scenario explains the commonality between these situations, shopping on Black Friday. For half a century Black Friday has become an unofficial retail holiday in the United States. It is a day that offers incredi ble discounts and killer deals, and most notoriously, it brings a frenzy of crazed shoppers to local retailers looking to save on purchases.Marketing strategies, paired with consumers need to locate the best deals on Christmas gifts has led to Black Friday being celebrated as a consumption ritual comparable in importance to Thanksgiving Day. (Thomas and Peters, 2011) How has Black Friday become the largest retail sales day of the year? What is it that drives people to artificially induced hyper consumption, almost like an annual ritual? Many scientist and psychologists have many different theories and conclusions of why Black Friday has become the biggest shopping day of the year.In this paper, I will take your through the research and conclusions that many psychologists have produced and the advantages and disadvantages of Black Friday. Dr. Stephanie Sarkis, Ph. D. explored the work of Jane Boyd Thomas and Cara Peters, professors at South Carolinas Winthrop University, who spent tw o years in research trying to find common traits in Black Friday shoppers. They conducted thirty-eight extensive interviews with experienced Black Friday shoppers and found four recurring themes 1. Familial bonding (multiple generations and close friends) 2. Strategic planning . The great race 4. Mission accomplished But how do the four themes they came up with relate to one another? Thomas and Peters figured that all the traits when analyzed together showed one commonality. They wrote, the traits are coalesced around a military metaphor, and is a bonding activity Shoppers prepare for the ritual by scanning Black Friday ads, and they map out their strategy. (Sarkis 2011) In essence, the family is a type of team that scans adds, plans their route and potential purchases, executes their plans by buying products, and rejoices in their accomplishments.When all of these traits are analyzed individually, they mean little to main the main outcome, bonding. But when all the traits are look ed at collectively, they all contribute to the overall success and goal of bonding. Besides giving us a breakdown of bonding activities, the analysis also shows how the average consumer plan for Black Friday. Just as Sarkis found themes that make up this military metaphor, Byun, professor of consumer affairs at Auburn University came up with her own theory on why people react the way they do on Black Friday. Crowds create a sense of competition such as when hundreds of shoppers are rushing to collect marked-down goods they generate a different feeling entirely. Competition creates whats called hedonic shopping value, or a sense of enjoyment from the mere process of buying goods. At certain levels, consumers enjoy arousal and challenges during the shopping process. (Khazan 2011) In essence what Byun is saying is consumers get more enjoyment because the crowds create an obstacle, which hinders the execution of the plans and preparations made. The crowds make getting what they want harder, which creates more value for the goods purchased.Just as Byun noted that crowds contribute to the Black Friday Craze, Kelly McGonigal, Ph. D. describes another factors that plays a big part in the Black Friday frenzy. Retailers, she notes, use innovative designs to lure customers into their stores and keep them there. McGonigal says time pressure sales on limited products or scarce resources triggers a negative physiological affect on the consumer. Scarcity for a certain commodity creates a sense of urgency to act now, a natural instinct to survive. This survival instinct can be related to hunting for some people.Black Friday is hunting for women, said Leisa Reinecke Flynn, professor of marketing and fashion merchandising at the University of Southern Mississippi. Its so much like deer hunting its hard to tell the two apart. (Khazan 2011) Unfortunately, shopping on Black Friday is not motivated by survival instincts or a life in death situation. This paradox stimulates unus ual behavior in consumers that creates disadvantages and potential dangers for those that are not necessarily into the hunt. The concept of Black Friday creates a perfect storm for consumer misbehavior.Misbehavior, as defined by Lennon, Johnson, and Lee is, acts that violate accepted norms of conduct in consumption contexts. (Lennon, Johnson, Lee, 2011) This compulsive behavior, or compulsive consumption, feeds off of the idea of scarcity. It induces people to act inappropriately harming others and often themselves. For many, if not most compulsive purchasers, buying is a reaction to stress or unpleasant situations. Compulsive consumption is a type of consumer behavior which is inappropriate, typically excessive, and clearly disruptive to the lives of other individuals. (Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond 1987) Both hunting and shopping hinge on long-standing traditions and generally involve pursuing a goal as a group. Whether the group actually hits its target is secondary to the fun of the chase. Hunting and shopping as shown above are very closely linked and motivated by the idea of scarcity. Just like there are limited deer in the forest, there are limited goods in the stores. The result is paradoxical in nature. People are fraudulently deceived into acting compulsively. (Herpen, Pieters and Zeelenberg 2005)Just as Ronald, Thomas, and Raymond concluded that compulsive behavior negatively affects the lives of others, Peter McGraw, Ph. D. drew a similar connection. He focuses more on social trends and pressures being the root of the problem. In The Link between Thanksgiving Gluttony and Black Friday Insanity, McGraw makes a connection between Black Friday shopping and Thanksgiving Dinner. He explores the idea that once a year, people will consume more calories in one meal, than the average person consumes on a normal day.The next day they wake up, or sometimes not sleeping at all, and go shopping for hours on end. (McGraw and Warner 2011) Dr. McGraws research show s us that in a short period of forty eights hour there is over consumption of food on Thanksgiving and the hyper consumption or shopping on Black Friday. McGraw believes that the cause of this phenomenon is social influence and pressure. He writes, One of the hallmarks of psychological science is that we are influenced by the actions of othersoften more so than wed like to admit.Sometimes were impelled to take positive actions, such as switching to reusable bags or cutting down on littering. Other times, social influence can be quite negative. When it comes to Thanksgiving and Black Friday, unfortunately, the influences skew more toward bad than good. (McGraw and Warner 2011) In other words McGraw places responsibility of hyper consumption on social trends, pressures, and even perhaps familial rituals for the ever-popular Black Friday. Another concept of Black Friday is one of mutual benefit for both consumer and retailer.Consumers benefit from large discounts on all sorts of items including clothing, electronics, furniture, and literally any other commodity available on the market. Retailers benefit by getting out of the red zone, finally making a profit for the fiscal year. The opportunities available on Black Friday is what drove 212 million shoppers to stores during Black Friday weekend in 2011. (Wilson, 2010) Retailers experience surging sales during Black Friday and the days that follow. This monetary benefit is what drives their extensive promotion and deal offerings, further influencing the consumers willingness to partake in the shopping frenzy.In a society where a corporation or businesss main purpose is to grow profits for the benefit of its shareholders, a companys number one purpose is to increase sales, in order to increase profits. According to a New York Times article written by Adam Davidson, approximately one fifth of retailers total annual sales are made during the holiday shopping season. (Davidson, 2011) In conclusion, we can see that sho pping on Black Friday brings people together in one way or another. For some, it brings people together in a positive way.Families and friends are able to work as a team who plan, prepare and execute their plans to achieve their goals. For others, Black Friday shoppers experience the negative affects of other peoples behavior. There are also advantages and disadvantages for both the consumer and retailer. Consumers get amazingly cheap prices on products while retailers experience a massive surge in sales. However one may look at Black Friday, it is a day that cannot be ignored. Its influence and popularity are ever growing and expanding. Reference Page Davidson, Adam. The Black Friday Effect Lets Stimulate the Economy with Inflation. The New York Times, 16 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Herpen, Erica van, Rik Pieters, and Marcel Zeelenberg (2005) ,How Product Scarcity Impacts on Choice Snob and Bandwagon Effects, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32, eds. Geeta Menon and Aksha y R. Rao, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 32 Association for Consumer Research, Pages 623-624. Faber, J. Ronald, OGuinn, C Thomas, and Krych, Raymond. (1987) Compulsive Consumption, in Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14, eds.Melanie Wallendorf and Paul Anderson, Advances in Consumer Research Volume 14 Association for Sonsumer Research, Pages 132-135. McGonigal, Kelly, Ph. D. The Science of Willpower. Comments on Black Friday Shopping How Stores Use Psychology to Fill Your Cart N. p. , 19 Nov. 2010. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . McGraw, Peter, Ph. D. , and Warner, Joel. The Humor Code. The Link between Thanksgiving Gluttony and Black Friday Insanity. N. p. , 21 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Ridgwar, Nicole, Black Friday Sales Hit Record. CNNMoney. Cable News Netwrok, 26 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. Sarkis, Stephanie, Ph. D. Here, There, and Everywhere. Black Friday A Collective Consumption Ritual. N. p. , 20 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct. 2012. . Thomas, Jane Boyd, and Peters, Cara . (2011) An exploratory investigation of Black Friday consumption rituals, International Journal of Retail & Distribution Management, Vol. 39 Iss 7, pp. 522 537 Wallendorf, M. , Arnould, E. We gather together consumption rituals of Thanksgiving Day, in Journal of Consumer Research, (1991) Vol. 18 No. 1, pp. 13-31. Wilson, April. By the Numbers Black Friday Shoppers and Their Impact on the Economy. The Luckie ReTink Tank. 23 Nov. 2011. Web. 30 Oct 2012. .